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• Excisional Surgery: Removes the tumor and surrounding healthy tissue. The procedure’s scope varies with the tumor’s size and location, potentially requiring reconstruction for larger tumors.
• Neck Dissection: Involves removing lymph nodes in the neck to address or prevent cancer spread. Techniques range from radical, removing many structures, to selective, preserving more anatomy and function.
• Transoral Laser Microsurgery (TLM): A minimally invasive method using a laser to precisely remove tumors in the larynx and pharynx via the mouth, aiming to preserve function and reduce the need for more invasive treatments.
• Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS): Utilizes robotic technology for precise tumor removal through the mouth, especially effective for hard-to-reach throat tumors, with a focus on preserving key functions.
• Reconstructive Surgery: Rebuilds areas affected by cancer surgery, from simple closures to complex tissue transfers, aiming to restore appearance and function, possibly including dental implants and prosthetics.

Uses cytotoxic drugs to target rapidly dividing cancer cells, administered intravenously, orally, or by injection. Types include Anthracyclines, Taxanes, Alkylating Agents, and Antimetabolites. Can be neoadjuvant (before surgery), adjuvant (after surgery), or palliative.

Focuses on specific genes or proteins involved in cancer growth.

• Monoclonal Antibodies: Bind to cancer cell molecules, blocking growth or aiding immune response.
• Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Block enzymes promoting cancer cell growth.
• Proteasome Inhibitors: Hinder protein breakdown needed for cancer cell survival.
• Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Affect gene expression regulation in cancer cells.

Enhances the body’s immune response against cancer.

• Checkpoint Inhibitors: Unblock immune cells to attack cancer.
• Monoclonal Antibodies: Target specific cancer cells.
• Cancer Vaccines: Train the immune system to recognize cancer cells.
• Adoptive Cell Therapy: Modifies patient’s immune cells to better fight cancer.
• Oncolytic Virus Therapy: Uses viruses to target and destroy cancer cells.

Uses high-energy beams to kill or halt cancer cell growth.

• External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Directs radiation from outside the body.
• Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy): Places radioactive material near cancer cells.
• Systemic Radiation Therapy: Uses radioactive substances in the blood.
• Proton Therapy: Utilizes protons for precise targeting.

Customizes treatment based on genetic profiling of cancer.

• Genomic Sequencing (NGS): Identifies specific mutations for targeted therapies.
• Chemosensitivity: Tests cancer cell response to chemotherapy drugs.
• RNA Sequencing: Analyzes gene expression for targeted interventions.
• Tissue Banking: Stores samples for future research.
• Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC): Monitors disease progression through blood analysis.
• Metabolic Therapy: Targets cancer cell metabolism through dietary changes.

Complementary approaches focusing on well-being and symptom management.

• Diet and Nutrition: Emphasizes whole foods and anti-inflammatory items.
• Herbal Supplements: Includes evidence-based herbs for cancer care or symptom relief.
• Mind-Body Therapies: Practices like meditation, yoga, and tai chi for stress reduction.
• IV Vitamin C: High-dose therapy with potential benefits but not widely accepted.
• Hydrogen Inhalation Therapy: Emerging approach with antioxidant properties.
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT): Enhances chemotherapy and radiation efficacy, with cautious use.
• Mistletoe Therapy: Used for immune stimulation and quality of life improvement.
• Ayurvedic Medicine: Focuses on holistic care, often alongside conventional treatments.