2-DeoxyGlucose (2DG)
Concept of metabolism?
Like every living being, cells require energy to survive. For this purpose, cells break down complex molecules into simpler ones and synthesize important biomolecules from these substrates. Together, all of these reactions are termed as metabolism.
The result of metabolism is the production of ATP molecules which are also considered the Energy Currency of a cell. ATP molecules are required further by many biochemical processes in our body to carry out essential functions.
Why do cancer cells take up more glucose than normal cells- warburg?
As Cancer cells rapidly grow, they have higher demand for energy as compared to normal cells. ATP molecules are used for this purpose. ATP is produced from glucose directly through a multi-step process known as glycolysis. Glycolysis uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce 2 molecules of ATP.
Glucose is an important substrate for the production of ATP molecules, therefore with increase in ATP demand, glucose consumption rate also increases to meet energy needs of tumour. This phenomenon is known as the warburg effect.
What is 2DG? How does it work? Basic mechanism?
2DG or 2-deoxy-glucose is a glucose analogue,having an almost similar structure to glucose. It can mimic glucose in cancer microenvironment.
Inside tumor cells, these 2DG molecules inhibit glycolysis and thereby production of ATP.
This causes death of these cancerous cells through induction of apoptosis, or self destruction.
As mentioned above, cancer cells tend to take up more glucose as compared to normal cells. This provides a base for 2DG to differentially affect cancer cells more. When 2DG is present in the environment, they will take up large amounts of 2DG instead of glucose(because of the identical structures) thus, inhibiting ATP production, cell proliferation and ultimately, apoptosis/death. This is how 2DG affects cancer cells more as compared to normal cells.
In addition to this, 2DG can also cause death through obstruction of multiple survival pathways.
(General idea of ER stress, autophagy, glycosylation and their importance!!)
Proteins are important components of cellular machinery, structure etc. 2DG interferes with their proper folding, rendering them non functional. These unfolded, non-functional proteins pile up inside the endoplasmic reticulum(a cell organelle used for packaging and transportation of proteins). This leads to ER stress which can ultimately result in cell death.
In order to survive, cancer cells can also direct unfolded protein molecules to a separate compartment called lysosome. Once inside lysosome, cancer cells can degrade these proteins and recycle the degraded components to produce essential proteins again.
2DG interferes with this process of recycling, and leads to death of cancerous cells.
2DG has been shown to be very effective in certain kinds of cancers, especially when administered along with chemotherapy drugs as it enhances toxicity (i.e. killing potential)
Of chemotherapy.
Along with the above mentioned mechanisms, 2DG is under investigation for other novel mechanisms to treat cancer. This drug can act as a hope in very crucial cases.
I used to be able to find good advice from your blog posts.
Hello there! This article couldn’t be written much better! Going through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He continually kept preaching about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Many thanks for sharing!
This helped me a lot more than I expected!
After I initially left a comment I seem to have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get four emails with the exact same comment. Perhaps there is an easy method you can remove me from that service? Thank you.
This is a topic that is close to my heart… Cheers! Where are your contact details though?
There is definately a lot to know about this topic. I really like all of the points you’ve made.
I blog frequently and I genuinely appreciate your content. This great article has truly peaked my interest. I will take a note of your site and keep checking for new information about once a week. I opted in for your Feed as well.
I was excited to uncover this website. I wanted to thank you for ones time for this particularly fantastic read!! I definitely really liked every bit of it and i also have you saved as a favorite to see new things in your blog.
An interesting discussion is worth comment. I do believe that you should publish more on this topic, it may not be a taboo subject but generally people don’t speak about these issues. To the next! Cheers.
Everything is very open with a very clear clarification of the issues. It was truly informative. Your website is extremely helpful. Many thanks for sharing!
You should be a part of a contest for one of the most useful blogs online. I’m going to highly recommend this blog!
I’d like to thank you for the efforts you have put in writing this blog. I am hoping to see the same high-grade content from you in the future as well. In fact, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own site now 😉
Oh my goodness! Amazing article dude! Thanks, However I am going through problems with your RSS. I don’t know why I can’t subscribe to it. Is there anyone else getting similar RSS issues? Anyone that knows the solution will you kindly respond? Thanx.
You’re so interesting! I do not think I have read something like this before. So wonderful to find somebody with a few original thoughts on this subject matter. Really.. many thanks for starting this up. This website is something that is needed on the internet, someone with some originality.
It’s hard to find educated people about this subject, however, you sound like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
You need to take part in a contest for one of the highest quality blogs on the internet. I am going to recommend this site!
After looking at a number of the articles on your site, I honestly like your technique of writing a blog. I saved as a favorite it to my bookmark website list and will be checking back soon. Please check out my web site too and tell me your opinion.
When I originally commented I appear to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on each time a comment is added I receive 4 emails with the same comment. Perhaps there is a means you are able to remove me from that service? Thank you.
Very good post. I will be dealing with many of these issues as well..
There is certainly a lot to know about this issue. I like all the points you’ve made.
Aw, this was an extremely good post. Spending some time and actual effort to create a good article… but what can I say… I hesitate a whole lot and don’t seem to get nearly anything done.
You made some good points there. I checked on the web to learn more about the issue and found most people will go along with your views on this site.
I couldn’t refrain from commenting. Very well written.
Excellent article. I definitely love this site. Thanks!
This is the perfect blog for everyone who would like to find out about this topic. You know a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I personally would want to…HaHa). You certainly put a new spin on a topic that’s been written about for decades. Excellent stuff, just great.
When I originally commented I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on each time a comment is added I get four emails with the exact same comment. There has to be an easy method you can remove me from that service? Thanks a lot.
I seriously love your site.. Pleasant colors & theme. Did you develop this web site yourself? Please reply back as I’m trying to create my own personal blog and want to find out where you got this from or exactly what the theme is named. Kudos!
Greetings! Very helpful advice within this article! It is the little changes which will make the most significant changes. Thanks a lot for sharing!
This site really has all of the information and facts I wanted about this subject and didn’t know who to ask.
When I originally left a comment I appear to have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now each time a comment is added I receive 4 emails with the same comment. There has to be a means you are able to remove me from that service? Thank you.
Hello there! I just wish to offer you a huge thumbs up for the excellent information you’ve got right here on this post. I am returning to your site for more soon.
I truly love your site.. Very nice colors & theme. Did you build this amazing site yourself? Please reply back as I’m wanting to create my very own website and would like to find out where you got this from or exactly what the theme is named. Many thanks!
May I simply just say what a relief to uncover an individual who really understands what they are discussing online. You certainly understand how to bring an issue to light and make it important. A lot more people really need to check this out and understand this side of your story. I was surprised that you aren’t more popular because you certainly possess the gift.
Bu casino’da sadece slot değil, aynı zamanda spor bahislerinde de büyük kazançlar elde ediyorum!
Bahis sitelerinde deneme bonusu ile oyunlara bedava başlayarak kazanmaya başladım!
I quite like reading through an article that will make men and women think. Also, thank you for allowing me to comment.
Very excellent info can be found on blog.
Deneme bonusu sayesinde hiç para yatırmadan büyük ödüller kazandım, gerçekten mükemmel!
Casino bonusları ile slot oyunlarında daha uzun süre oynayıp daha fazla kazanıyorum.
Very nice post. I definitely appreciate this website. Stick with it!
Spot on with this write-up, I seriously believe that this site needs a lot more attention. I’ll probably be returning to see more, thanks for the info!
I must thank you for the efforts you have put in writing this blog. I’m hoping to view the same high-grade content from you later on as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my very own blog now 😉
Howdy! This article couldn’t be written much better! Looking at this article reminds me of my previous roommate! He constantly kept preaching about this. I will send this information to him. Fairly certain he’ll have a great read. I appreciate you for sharing!
Howdy, I do think your web site could possibly be having web browser compatibility problems. Whenever I look at your web site in Safari, it looks fine however, if opening in IE, it’s got some overlapping issues. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Aside from that, excellent website!
Great post. I am experiencing some of these issues as well..
Good day! I just would like to offer you a big thumbs up for your excellent info you’ve got here on this post. I’ll be returning to your web site for more soon.
I wanted to thank you for this great read!! I definitely loved every bit of it. I’ve got you bookmarked to check out new things you post…
Wonderful article! We are linking to this particularly great post on our website. Keep up the good writing.
Pretty! This was an extremely wonderful post. Thank you for supplying this information.
Greetings! Very helpful advice within this post! It’s the little changes that make the biggest changes. Thanks a lot for sharing!
I quite like reading a post that will make people think. Also, thanks for allowing me to comment.
Good blog you have here.. It’s hard to find high quality writing like yours nowadays. I honestly appreciate people like you! Take care!!
Howdy! I could have sworn I’ve visited this blog before but after browsing through a few of the posts I realized it’s new to me. Nonetheless, I’m definitely delighted I discovered it and I’ll be book-marking it and checking back frequently!
Bu sitenin sunduğu deneme bonusu sayesinde bedava bahis yaparak kazanmaya başladım!
When I initially commented I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on every time a comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the exact same comment. There has to be an easy method you are able to remove me from that service? Thanks a lot.
I blog quite often and I truly appreciate your information. This great article has really peaked my interest. I will take a note of your site and keep checking for new information about once per week. I opted in for your RSS feed as well.
An impressive share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a colleague who had been conducting a little homework on this. And he actually ordered me dinner due to the fact that I found it for him… lol. So let me reword this…. Thanks for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending some time to discuss this issue here on your blog.
Right here is the right webpage for anybody who wishes to understand this topic. You understand a whole lot its almost tough to argue with you (not that I actually will need to…HaHa). You definitely put a brand new spin on a subject that’s been written about for a long time. Excellent stuff, just great.
sugar defender ingredients For years, I’ve fought uncertain blood sugar level swings that left me feeling drained pipes and tired.
However since integrating Sugar Defender right into my regular, I’ve seen a substantial improvement
in my overall power and stability. The dreaded mid-day distant memory, and I value that this
all-natural remedy accomplishes these outcomes without any unpleasant or adverse reactions.
honestly been a transformative exploration for me.
Spot on with this write-up, I really believe that this website needs far more attention. I’ll probably be returning to see more, thanks for the information.
Hi, There’s no doubt that your site could possibly be having web browser compatibility issues. Whenever I take a look at your website in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it’s got some overlapping issues. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Besides that, great blog.
Good post. I learn something totally new and challenging on blogs I stumbleupon on a daily basis. It’s always interesting to read content from other authors and practice a little something from other web sites.
Everything is very open with a very clear explanation of the issues. It was definitely informative. Your website is extremely helpful. Thank you for sharing!
bookmarked!!, I really like your website.
I couldn’t refrain from commenting. Exceptionally well written.
An outstanding share! I have just forwarded this onto a coworker who had been conducting a little homework on this. And he actually bought me breakfast due to the fact that I discovered it for him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending some time to discuss this topic here on your internet site.
There is definately a lot to find out about this subject. I like all of the points you have made.